Sunday 4 August 2013

Will Earth's Ocean Boil Away?

An illustration of the surface of Venus.

Venus, the hottest planet in the solar system, may have experienced runaway greenhouse effect early in its history.

Illustration by Detlev van Ravenswaay, Science Source

Robert Kunzig

National Geographic

Published July 29, 2013

In his book Storms of my Grandchildren, noted climate scientist James Hansen issued the following warning: "[I]f we burn all reserves of oil, gas, and coal, there is a substantial chance we will initiate the runaway greenhouse. If we also burn the tar sands and tar shale, I believe the Venus syndrome is a dead certainty."

Venus has a thick atmosphere that is 96.5 percent carbon dioxide, which keeps its surface at nearly 900°F (482°C). The planet's water boiled off to space long ago. Could that really happen on Earth, which is farther from the sun, and where the CO2 level is just now rising past 400 parts per million?

The key to the argument is a well-documented positive feedback loop. As carbon dioxide warms the planet through the greenhouse effect, more water evaporates from the ocean—which amplifies the warming, because water vapor is a greenhouse gas too. That positive feedback is happening now. Hansen argues that fossil-fuel burning could cause the process to run out of control, vaporizing the entire ocean and sterilizing the planet.

Respected as Hansen is, the argument hasn't convinced climate scientists who specialize in the evolution of planetary atmospheres. During the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM), 56 million years ago, a huge natural spike in CO2 sent temperatures on Earth soaring—but life went on and the ocean remained intact.

"I think you can say we're still safe against the Venus syndrome," says Raymond Pierrehumbert of the University of Chicago. "If we were going to run away, we'd probably have done it during the PETM."

In the past few years, however, physicists have been training supercomputers on the lowly water molecule, calculating its properties from first principles—and finding that it absorbs more radiation at more wavelengths than they'd realized before. In a paper published this week in Nature Geosciences, those calculations have rippled into a simple climate model. The paper's conclusion contains this slightly unsettling sentence: "The runaway greenhouse may be much easier to initiate than previously thought."

National Geographic asked the lead author, Colin Goldblatt of the University of Victoria in British Columbia, to explain.

In an earlier paper, published just last year, you wrote that "it is unlikely to be possible, even in principle, to trigger a runaway greenhouse."

Yeah—and I was wrong! I was plain wrong then.

What do you say now?

It used to be thought that a runaway greenhouse was not theoretically possible for Earth with its present amount of sunlight. We've shown that, to the contrary, it is theoretically possible. That doesn't mean it's going to happen—but it's theoretically possible.

What changed?

The models we had were underestimating the amount of radiation that would be absorbed in a water-vapor-rich atmosphere.

How does that connect to the runaway greenhouse?

Going back to absolute basics—the surface of the Earth emits radiation, and some of that radiation gets absorbed in the atmosphere by gases like CO2 and water vapor. This means less radiation can get out to space than if there were no greenhouse atmosphere. Or conversely, to get the same amount of radiation out to space to balance the energy you're getting from the sun, the surface needs to be hotter. That's what's happening now: Because we're making the greenhouse effect stronger, the Earth is heating up so it will come back into balance.

Now, if you put enough water vapor in the atmosphere, any radiation from the surface will get absorbed before it gets out to space—all of it, everything. Only the upper part of the atmosphere can emit radiation to space. So it turns out there's a fixed amount of radiation you can emit to space once you have enough water vapor.

It's like if you take a layer of tinted glass—one layer, you'll be able to see through. But if you stack up 10, 20, or 100 layers, you can't see through it.

So the runaway greenhouse effect happens when the amount of incoming solar radiation exceeds this fixed limit?

Exactly. It happens when you absorb more sunlight than you can emit thermal radiation. And what I've shown here, which is new, is that the limit on how much radiation Earth can get out to space is smaller than we previously thought. And the amount of sunlight that will be absorbed in a water-vapor-rich atmosphere is bigger than we previously thought. So the implication for the Earth now is that it is possible to absorb more sunlight than you could emit to space from a water-vapor-rich atmosphere.

But your model does not consider the moderating effect of clouds.

That's correct. You start off with the simplest model you can, and then you build in complexity. We've calculated the maximum amount of sunlight Earth will absorb and the maximum amount of thermal radiation it will emit. So the next step will be to do some modeling with clouds in, which will probably modify the answers.

Clouds reflect sunlight, but if you put them high enough in the atmosphere, they'll also have a greenhouse effect. On Earth today, the reflection effect dominates—clouds overall have a cooling effect.

What does your work say about Hansen's warning?

What my results show is that if you put about ten times as much carbon dioxide in the atmosphere as you would get from burning all the coal, oil, and gas—about 30,000 parts per million—then you could cause a runaway greenhouse today. So burning all the fossil fuels won't give us a runaway greenhouse. However, the consequences will still be dire. It won't sterilize the planet, but it might topple Western civilization. There are no theoretical obstacles to that.

What does Venus teach us?

Because Venus is nearer the sun, it gets more energy from the sun than we do—it's like standing nearer the campfire. We think Venus experienced this runaway greenhouse early in its history. Venus's past is Earth's future.

The sun increases its luminosity slowly with time. At the beginning of the solar system, the sun was only 70 percent as bright as it is now. It's going to keep getting brighter. Given that the runaway greenhouse happens when there's more solar radiation absorbed than we can emit thermal radiation, it's just going to happen.

When?

In somewhere between half a billion and a billion years.

At the end of your 2012 paper, you suggested we might forestall that by moving Earth's orbit farther from the sun.

I put that in as a little joke—as a little nod to Don Korycansky, an astronomer. When Don first proposed that you could just move the Earth out with gravity assists from asteroids, he ended up on the Daily Show talking about it.

As a species we are technologically adolescent at the moment. If we get through adolescence, if we get through the next couple of hundred years alive, as a mature species who is not screwing up the planet that we live on, and then if you're talking about on timescales of hundreds of millions of years—how are we going to keep our planet alive? Then I think that's the kind of thing you might start to think about.

This interview has been edited and condensed.


View the original article here

Behind the Cover: August 2013

What better icon than a cupcake to illustrate a story about our obsession with sugar?

The simple treat has beguiled America's sweet tooth for centuries, recently inspiring a trend of specialty bakeries, food trucks, and even a reality TV series. Now the cupcake's coups also include a glamour shot on the cover of National Geographic magazine. (Read the story: "Sugar Love.")

Other contenders for the cover image included gummy treats, cotton candy, and soft-serve ice cream. But the cupcake won because it was thought to have the widest appeal, says the magazine's creative director, Bill Marr.

"We wanted a summery, easy-to-read photo of something luscious that you would just want to dive into," says Marr. "What was interesting to me—and fun—was how much disagreement there was among our staff over what makes the most mouthwatering sweet. I think it sort of comes down to your own personal history and associations."

Photographer Robert Clark describes the image's aesthetic as "kind of 1950s-'60s, Betty Crockerish." He spent many sugar-filled days working on this story in his New York City studio, and shot some three dozen different cupcakes from a Brooklyn bakery called Cupcakeland.

"It's sort of like writing—you may have to take a lot of notes until you find something that really works," says the story's photo editor, Susan Welchman.

Although some photographers "style" food with other substances—for example, a bit of petroleum jelly can make an apple appear glossier—nothing like that was done in this case, says Welchman: "I wanted everything to be real." (Clark did move some sprinkles around with tweezers, though.)

So, how many of the portrait subjects turned into snacks? Only a few, says Clark.

"You start drinking coffee and eating all this sweet stuff just because it's there, and it makes you feel awful pretty quickly," he recalls. "We ended up throwing a lot of it out." (Food pantries won't accept unpackaged goods, Welchman noted.)

This certainly isn't the first time Clark's work has been featured on the front of the magazine—he's shot 15 covers, including four different baby portraits for the May edition. (See: "Behind the Cover: May 2013.")

Photographing this story was fun, says Clark, but also a wake-up call: "It's sort of appalling to realize how much sugar we consume."

Meanwhile, our international editions didn't always stick to cupcakes, since they're not necessarily as popular abroad as they are in the United States. Foreign editions of National Geographic went for frozen yogurt, cotton candy … and, in Serbia, the sugar cubes that are liberally tossed into coffee and tea. The Indonesian edition gets a prize for the best headline: the alliterative phrase Gila Gula, or "crazy for sugar."

How do you feel about our cupcake cover—and the other cover choices? Share your answer in the comments.


View the original article here

U.S. Team Wins National Geographic World Championship

Do you know from which country the Fang people come? Here's a hint: This country's capital city is located on an island off Africa's west coast, and the national flag includes six small stars representing the mainland and five offshore islands.

If you guessed Equatorial Guinea, congratulations! You may have the brains to compete against geography geniuses from around the world.

This trivia is similar to the final questions the United States team answered to win first place at the 11th National Geographic World Championship, held Wednesday at the Russian Geographical Society in St. Petersburg, Russia.

(See "National Geographic Bee: Do You Have What It Takes?")

The victorious team defeated Canada and India in the final round; the runners-up came in second and third, respectively, after a close tiebreaker. The United States was represented by three young geography students: captain Gopi Ramanathan, 14, from Minnesota; Asha Jain, 13, from Wisconsin; and Neelam Sandhu, 14, from New Hampshire.

"It feels great. I am actually still sort of in shock right now," said Sandhu just hours after winning the championship.

"We went to a local chocolate museum in St. Petersburg to celebrate, and now we are planning on hanging out and enjoying the moment," she said.

After beating 14 other teams in preliminary activities on Sunday and Monday—a scavenger hunt around St. Petersburg and a written team test—the United States, Canada, and India advanced to the finals. Other competitors came from Australia, Bulgaria, China, Chinese Taipei, Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Indonesia, Mexico, Mongolia, Nigeria, Poland, Slovakia, and the United Kingdom.

Moderator Alex Trebek—also host of the television show Jeopardy!—quizzed the young geography buffs on physical, cultural, and economic geography in a game-show format.

(See "Alex Trebek: On Hosting the National Geographic Bee.")

 Students compete in the National Geographic World Championship. Students on the Nigerian team participate in a scavenger hunt around St. Petersburg, one of the problem-solving tasks included in the geography World Championship.Photograph by Rebecca Hale, National Geographic

This is the sixth time the United States has taken home the gold since the first competition in 1993. Mongolia and Indonesia were first-time competitors. Russia won top honors at the last championship, held at Google's company headquarters in San Francisco in 2011.

Twenty years ago, National Geographic started the World Championship in response to concern about the lack of geographic knowledge among young people in the United States. John Fahey, chairman and CEO of the National Geographic Society, said the competition was a rewarding cross-cultural exchange.

"The competition enhances geo-literacy, international dialogue and understanding, and promotes friendships around the globe," he said. "The National Geographic World Championship competitors embody the spirit of curiosity about our planet that has defined the National Geographic Society for 125 years."

Past Winners of the National Geographic World Championship:

United States, 2013

Russia, 2011

Canada, 2009

Mexico, 2007

United States, 2005

United States, 2003

United States, 2001

United States, 1999

Canada, 1997

Australia, 1995

United States, 1993

Follow Jaclyn Skurie on Twitter.


View the original article here

Wars, Murders to Rise Due to Global Warming?

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An acid attack victim in Karachi, Pakistan. A new study suggests that such violence increases with abnormal temperatures.

Photograph by Izabella Demavlys, Redux

Ker Than

for National Geographic

Published August 1, 2013

Wars, murders, and other acts of violence will likely become more commonplace in coming decades as the effects of global warming cause tempers to flare worldwide, a comprehensive new study warns.

The research, detailed in this week's issue of the journal Science, synthesizes findings scattered across diverse fields ranging from archaeology to economics to paint a clearer picture of how global warming-related shifts in temperature and rainfall could fuel acts of aggression.

Though scientists don't know exactly why global warming increases violence, the findings suggest that it's another major fallout of human-made climate change, in addition to rising sea levels and increased heat waves.

"This study shows that the value of reducing [greenhouse gas] emissions is actually higher than we previously thought," said study first author Solomon Hsiang, an economist at Princeton University in New Jersey. (Related: "Global Warming Making People More Aggressive?")

Leveling the Field

To perform their analysis, Hsiang and his colleagues sifted through hundreds of studies published across a number of fields, including climatology, archaeology, economics, political science, and psychology.

"[As economists], we were way out of our comfort zone," Hsiang said. "It's been quite an interesting experience. I've never done anything like this before."

The team eventually settled on 60 studies on subjects related to climate, conflict, temperature, violence, crime, and more, and reanalyzed those studies' data using a common statistical framework. An analogy would be converting currencies from different European countries into the euro so that meaningful comparisons could be made.

They did this to account for the fact that different parts of the world experience different variabilities in temperature and rainfall. For example, an increase of 2°F (1.1°C) might not be a big deal in the United States, where temperatures can vary widely, but it might be unusual for a country in Africa.

When the team converted the data and compared them, the results were striking: They found that even relatively minor departures from normal temperatures or rainfall amounts substantially increased the risk of conflict on a variety of levels, ranging from individual aggression, such as murder and rape, to country-level political instability and international wars.

The study data covered all major regions of the world and different time spans as well, from hours and years to decades and centuries. Across the data, the researchers found similar patterns of human aggression fueled by climate factors.

Examples included spikes in domestic violence in India and Australia, increased assaults and murders in the United States and Tanzania, ethnic violence in Europe and South Asia, land invasions in Brazil, and police using force in the Netherlands.

Ancient Insights

The effect wasn't limited to just modern societies, either. Among the research Hsiang and his team looked at was a study that linked increased political instability and warfare in the ancient Maya civilization around A.D. 900 to prolonged droughts brought about by global warming-related climate shifts in lands near the Pacific Ocean. (Related: "Why the Maya Fell: Climate Change, Conflict—And a Trip to the Beach?")

"That's when the classical period of Mayan civilization ends," said study co-author Edward Miguel, a professor of economics at the University of California, Berkeley.

Another study linked the 14th-century collapse of Cambodia's ancient Khmer civilization, which built the temple of Angkor Wat, to decades of drought interspersed with intense monsoon rains.

"Archaeologists can actually observe how [Khmer] engineers were trying to adapt," Hsiang said. "They were trying to keep up with the climatic changes, but in the end, even though they were the most sophisticated water engineers in the region at the time, it still seemed too much."

Hsiang says his team included these historic case studies in their analysis in order to understand how populations adapted—or didn't—to the kinds of gradual climate changes that climatologists predict for the future. But he thinks there are also lessons to be learned from the past.

"A lot of the civilizations that were nailed by climatic shifts were the most advanced societies in their region or on the planet during their day, and they probably felt they could cope with anything," he said.

"I think we should have some humility [and] recognize that people in the past were very innovative and they were trying to adapt to these changes as well."

Why Does Warming Make People Mad?

Brad Bushman, a professor of communication and psychology at Ohio State University who specializes in human aggression and violence, called the study "impressive."

"The convergence of findings across so many different disciplines increases your confidence that you've got a pretty reliable effect here," said Bushman, who was not involved in the research.

"Hopefully, this study will increase awareness that climate change spans many different domains of human activity, including conflict." (See "6 Ways Climate Change Will Affect You.")

While the new study helps strengthens the case for climate change influencing human aggression, it was not designed to address the question of why it does.

Other scientists have speculated on possible mechanisms. For example, Bushman thinks dramatic changes in temperature and rainfall are unpleasant and naturally make people more cranky. "When people are in a cranky mood, they're more likely to behave aggressively," he said.

Another theory is that too much or too little rain can negatively affect a country's agriculture and lead to economic ruin.

"When individuals have very low income or the economy of the region collapses, that changes people's incentives to take part in various activities," study first author Hsiang said. And "one activity they could take part in is joining a militant group."

The team thinks researchers will eventually discover that multiple mechanisms are at play simultaneously.

Hsiang compared modern scientists studying the relationship between climate and aggression to medical doctors in the 1930s who knew that smoking and lung cancer were linked but had not yet uncovered the mechanism.

"It took decades, but people did eventually figure out what was going on, and that helped us design policies and institutions to help mitigate the harmful effects [of smoking]," Hsiang said.

Similarly, co-author Miguel said, pinning down the mechanisms behind how global warming affects aggression will be the "next key frontier" for this area of research.

Follow Ker Than on Twitter.

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John Morrison John Morrison 5pts

The term scientist and researcher is be used very loosely.

mike egeler mike egeler 5pts

Well, all the ostriches  have pulled their heads out of the sand to migrate to an article about a well researched study on increased violence due to climate change on many levels. If you actually read different views other than FOX "news" you might be able to contribute to an intelligent conversation about the climate change debate. You are always the 20% that don't have a clue...about anything. You follow the 3% of "scientists" that have absolutely no background in climate or environmental sciences. So they're spewing out what you want to believe, not what you don't want to hear. 

The 3% "scientists" are corporate funded! Petroleum, coal burning electric plants, auto industry; Corporations that don't want anything to change. We are importing Tar Sand from Canada that has twice the CO2 emission of the oil we're using (it was an entire train that derailed in Canada last week that was hauling Tar Sand to the US). 

So, go back to your holes, hot-wired with FOX, and wait for the next migration to a "liberal" climate change article so you can once again just leave your droppings.

mike egeler mike egeler 5pts like.author.displayName 1 Like

Well, all the ostriches  have pulled their heads out of the sand to migrate to an article about a well researched study on increased violence due to climate change on many levels. If you actually read different views other than FOX "news" you might be able to contribute to an intelligent conversation about the climate change debate. You are always the 20% that don't have a clue...about anything. You follow the 3% of "scientists" that have absolutely no background in climate or environmental sciences. So they're spewing out what you want to believe, not what you don't want to hear. 

The 3% "scientists" are corporate funded! Petroleum, coal burning electric plants, auto industry; Corporations that don't want anything to change. We are importing Tar Sand from Canada that has twice the CO2 emission of the oil we're using (it was an entire train that derailed in Canada last week that was hauling Tar Sand to the US). 

So, go back to your holes, hot-wired with FOX, and wait for the next migration to a "liberal" climate change article so you can once again just leave your droppings.

Donnie McBee Donnie McBee 5pts

@mike egeler And 95% of climate scientist are government stooges!  Without a crisis, they get no money!

Chris Crawford Chris Crawford 5pts

@Donnie McBee And what about the citizens of just about every developed country in the world, the majority of Americans, every single scientific institution that has any bearing on the subject, the US military, insurance companies, state governments, agribusiness companies, shipping companies, and all the other institutions that have some kind of stake in this? Are THEY all government stooges, too?

Conwaythe Contaminationist Conwaythe Contaminationist 5pts like.author.displayName like.author.displayName 2 Like

Who is the editor of this vile propaganda rag - Goebbels?

Donnie McBee Donnie McBee 5pts like.author.displayName like.author.displayName 2 Like

Not much to say here, just ANOTHER crap piece from national geographic!

Why not create a opinion area so people wont think this is factual!

Andrew Allison Andrew Allison 5pts like.author.displayName like.author.displayName like.author.displayName 3 Like

Yet another utterly irresponsible, and inaccurate "news" story from NGS. Note first that, "The research, detailed in this week's issue of the journal Science, synthesizes findings scattered across diverse fields ranging from archaeology to economics to paint a clearer picture of how global warming-related shifts in temperature and rainfall COULD fuel acts of aggression." and segues right into "Though scientists don't know exactly why global warming increases violence,. . ."

Where's the evidence of an increase in violence? Given that global temperatures have been at recorded highs for the past 16 years, there should be evidence to justify the hypothesis. Absent any evidence, it's just another climate change scare story. By the way, there's been no increase in extreme weather events, and no increase in hurricane frequency or intensity, during the past century (NOAA has the data). The fact that there has been a huge increase in the cost of these events has nothing to do with climate change and everything to do with increased population and infrastructure.

Interestingly, anthropomorphic emissions are currently 35% higher and increasing more than twice as fast as in 1997, when global warming came to a screeching halt (in other words, more than a quarter of all anthropomorphic have occurred since then). Note that this is not "could", but actual measured data. Unhappily for AGW hysterics like the NGS, not only have global temperatures not increased by a statistically significant amount since 1997, but the average temperature for each of the past four year has been LOWER than the average for the entire period. Doesn't this suggest to a rational mind that the projection of the HADCRUT4 data that global temperature is trending DOWN is correct?

AGW hysterics will respond either by denying the unimpeachable data or insisting that 16 years isn't long enough to establish a trend; to which I respond in advance that NOAA says that 15 years is long enough, and that AGW hysteria is based on a 20 year warming trend which, as noted above, came to a screeching halt in 1997. If 16 years isn't long enough to establish a trend, 20 years isn't either.

The fact is that global temperature is at the 95% probability lower bound of the AGW models, and appears to be falling. Simply put, the models have been shown by events to be rubbish.


Chris Crawford Chris Crawford 5pts

@Andrew Allison Have you actually read the paper in question? Or even the abstract? Have you looked at any of the author's earlier work on the same subject?

You are entirely too quick to condemn something you haven't even seen. I suggest that your condemnation cannot possibly be based on a scientific analysis of the paper, and is instead based on  your political prejudices.

You claim that 'NOAA says that 15 years is long enough'. I suggest that you are twisting what NOAA actually said. Moreover, if you look at the definition of climate as established by the World Meteorological Society some eighty years ago, you'll find that 30 years is considered the minimum time necessary to establish a pattern as part of climate. Moreover, if  you know anything about physics and the heat capacity of the ocean, you'd know that 15 years is nowhere near enough time to establish a long-term trend. Besides, why cherry-pick the data? Why not look at ALL the evidence? If you do so, and look at sea level rise, at glacier retreat, at loss of Arctic sea ice, and a dozen other phenomena, you see the same pattern. The earth is warming.

You are wrong in multiple dimensions.

Donnie McBee Donnie McBee 5pts like.author.displayName 1 Like

@Chris Crawford Ask yourself one question. ok?

Has any of the climate models been accurate, even for 30 years?  Sadly the answer is NO! 

Here is another quote for you,"garbage in, garbage out".  I consider climate science mostly garbage!

Chris Crawford Chris Crawford 5pts

@Donnie McBee @Chris Crawford So you have one quote from one scientist in a newsmagazine, and I have thousands of scientific papers published by thousands of scientists. Honestly, do you really think that you have a rational basis for accepting the words of that single scientist?

As to a good civil debate, I am usually rather harsh with deniers because they are often dishonest, but I would love the opportunity to pursue our differences in a thorough and civil manner.

Donnie McBee Donnie McBee 5pts

@Chris Crawford @Donnie McBee

"They've done a pretty good job. You've been getting bad data."  I think you have bad data!

In an interview with the German news publication Der Spiegel, meteorologist Hans von Storch said that scientists are so puzzled by the 15-year standstill in global warming that if the trend continues their models could be “fundamentally wrong.”


“If things continue as they have been, in five years, at the latest, we will need to acknowledge that something is fundamentally wrong with our climate models,” Storch told Der Spiegel. “A 20-year pause in global warming does not occur in a single modeled scenario. But even today, we are finding it very difficult to reconcile actual temperature trends with our expectations.”

I have researched climate change, probably more than the scientist!   

FYI  I love a good civil debate!




Chris Crawford Chris Crawford 5pts

@Donnie McBee @Chris Crawford Perhaps you are unaware of the performance of the climate models. You can find an actual scientific assessment of the most common models here:

http://www.realclimate.org/index.php/archives/2013/02/2012-updates-to-model-observation-comparions/

They've done a pretty good job. You've been getting bad data.

Conwaythe Contaminationist Conwaythe Contaminationist 5pts like.author.displayName like.author.displayName 2 Like

@Chris Crawford 

And you are brainwashed by the Goebbelsian media.


T S T S 5pts like.author.displayName like.author.displayName 2 Like

This is a very misleading article with a picture that twists the original words of the researchers into a direction they never intended.

The picture shows a woman after an acid attack at the hands of religious fundamentalists.

These fundamentalists have been around for centuries, maiming and terrorizing women who did not live by their rules is standard practice.

And this article provides a pathetic excuse for the behavior of these animals

Bob Lee Bob Lee 5pts like.author.displayName 1 Like

Actually, the human violence component is simpler to explain:  Serum testosterone levels increases with rising ambient temperature: More testosterone, the more likely male aggressive violence will occur.  Evidence is clear from human birth records which show seasonal peaks due to impregnation during warm summer months in both hemispheres: Hence, June weddings are favored in the Northern Hemisphere. The more heat, the more aggressive the behavior: Redirecting the behavior to socially acceptable organized violence is actually key: Hence organized sports.  Major amateur and professional sports programs enabling literally billions of males to exercise higher testosterone levels may be required social policy.  The other alternative is military training at unprecedented levels. The other alternative is drug intervention with synthetic steroids such as Depo-Provera, which is commonly used as a female contraceptive, but is also used as a sex-drive depressant for known sex offenders, usually under US court orders requiring "chemical castration". One other alternative is allowing mass migration to more temperate latitudes.  It is no accident that the "Arab revolutions" have occurred during months with high ambient temperatures, and are frequently associated with a peak in violence against women.


Nate Whilk Nate Whilk 5pts

If Homer Simpson read all the articles about possible effects attributed to global warming, I'm sure he'd say, "Global warming--is there ANYTHING it can't do?"

@Bob Lee wrote, "One other alternative is allowing mass migration to more temperate latitudes." So when are you getting the first group of refugees in your neighborhood?

@Bob Lee wrote, "Evidence is clear from human birth records which show seasonal peaks due to impregnation during warm summer months in both hemispheres: Hence, June weddings are favored in the Northern Hemisphere."

It couldn't possibly be that impregnation is affected by other factors, could it? As far as a June wedding goes, that's actually to avoid the discomfort of a pregnancy in the heat of summer. (I have as much evidence for this as you do for your assertion.)

@Bob Lee wrote, "Serum testosterone levels increases with rising ambient temperature"

On the first page of google results for "higher temperature more testosterone" (without quotes) we get a study of north Norway men which says "Lowest testosterone levels occurred in months with the highest temperatures and longest hours of daylight. [...] The variations in hormone levels were large, with a 31% difference between the lowest and highest monthly mean level of free testosterone." http://jcem.endojournals.org/content/88/7/3099.long

We also get this: in rams, testosterone decreased in higher temperatures. PDF: http://www.journalofanimalscience.org/content/33/4/804.full.pdf

So, Bob, do you really have ANY idea of what you're talking about, not to mention your alarming suggestion of using Depo-provera?

Bruce Lancaster Bruce Lancaster 5pts like.author.displayName 1 Like

Well... thank God there has been zero global warming the last 15 years or we'd be in trouble, eh?  Hans Von Storch started talking about his data and report due to the UN next year.  Global warming has been "a number close to zero" for fifteen years.  In fact .06 degrees...  Yeah.  You read that right.  point zero six degrees of warming over the last fifteen years. 

Chris Crawford Chris Crawford 5pts like.author.displayName 1 Like

@Bruce Lancaster Of course, sea level has continued to rise, Arctic sea ice has continued to fall, ice loss in Antarctica has increased, glaciers all over the world have retreated, extreme weather such as droughts and hurricanes have become much more destructive, forest fires have increased in size, and ocean heat content has continued to rise. 

But you're willing to stake it all on one number that covers a span of time too short to qualify as 'climate'. 

Conwaythe Contaminationist Conwaythe Contaminationist 5pts like.author.displayName 1 Like

@Chris Crawford @Bruce Lancaster Kindly  how us where it has an anthropogenic cause, using empirical evidence, not conjecture..

Chris Crawford Chris Crawford 5pts

@Donnie McBee @Chris Crawford @Conwaythe Contaminationist @Bruce Lancaster I did not accuse Mr. Spencer of being a quack, I wrote that his writings are full of easily exposed falsehoods. The fact that some Republicans invited him to testify does not establish any credentials.

Donnie McBee Donnie McBee 5pts

@Chris Crawford @Donnie McBee @Conwaythe Contaminationist @Bruce Lancaster 

If he is such a quack, why was he testifying at the Senate EPW hearing on climate change on July 19,2013?  Do they let all quacks testify at Senate hearings?

http://www.drroyspencer.com/wp-content/uploads/Spencer_EPW_Written_Testimony_7_18_2013_updated.pdf


Chris Crawford Chris Crawford 5pts

@Donnie McBee @Chris Crawford @Conwaythe Contaminationist @Bruce Lancaster I'm sorry, Mr. McBee, but I have sampled Mr. Spencer's writings on numerous occasions and it is entirely too easy to expose his falsehoods. Mr. Watts' blog is the only denier blog I have seen that includes ANY kind of scientifically competent commentary -- and that commentary is usually marred by distortions or falsehoods.

As to my reading, it includes IPCC AR4 WG1, and I regularly follow the discussions -- not just the articles, but the discussions as well -- at realclimate.org. I also read many of the important scientific literature on critical subjects. More important, I *understand* much of that literature!

Donnie McBee Donnie McBee 5pts

@Chris Crawford @Conwaythe Contaminationist @Bruce Lancaster Chris. have you done any reading yet?

Donnie McBee Donnie McBee 5pts

@Chris Crawford @Conwaythe Contaminationist @Bruce Lancaster

Chis, please read just a little?

http://www.drroyspencer.com/

Chris Crawford Chris Crawford 5pts

@Conwaythe Contaminationist @Chris Crawford @Bruce Lancaster There's mountains of evidence: thermal gradients in the atmosphere as well as thermal gradients in the oceans demonstrate that the source of the heating is in the atmosphere itself. 

And by the way, what you call 'conjecture', scientists call 'laws of nature'. If you believe that the laws of nature don't apply, then don't take any modern medicines, get on any aircraft, use GPS systems, or just about anything else technological, because they're ALL based on the laws of nature.

Bruce Lancaster Bruce Lancaster 5pts like.author.displayName like.author.displayName like.author.displayName like.author.displayName 4 Like

@Chris Crawford @Bruce Lancaster -  Ripley says arctic ice is shrinking - Bellowitz says it is expanding.  Forsyth says extreme weather events are related - Plesco says they're not.....  The current cooling trend is because of volcanoes (as if those didn't exist before 2010) - and there's less acid rain... or more acid rain... but at least the holes in the ozone are shrinking.... unless they haven't and have just moved north...   It's hard to judge anything when none of these guys can agree.  What I do know for sure is this:  Leading climate scientists colluded to silence anyone who offered data that didn't fit their narrative a couple of years ago.  They discouraged peer review - they pressured publishers to refrain from publishing authors who disagreed with them - and they engaged in smear campaigns.  They got caught and their emails published.  That's what I know for sure.  The people selling you and me global warming lied, cheated, stole, and engaged in conspiracy.  

Donnie McBee Donnie McBee 5pts

@Chris Crawford @Donnie McBee @Bruce Lancaster For one IPCC statement on the melting of Himalayan glaciers is completely false!

Chris Crawford Chris Crawford 5pts

@Donnie McBee @Chris Crawford @Bruce Lancaster Mr. McBee, did you know that Mr. Glantz is not a climatologist; in fact, he's not even a physical scientist! He's a social scientist, and therefore has no basis to make any scientific pronouncements on climate change. Moreover, his claim to have been fired from NCAR for failure to toe the line is flatly refuted by the fact that the Bush Administration terminated funding for NCAR -- see this:

http://www.climatesciencewatch.org/2008/08/08/abrupt-termination-of-nsf-funded-climate-humanitarian-program-raises-fundamental-questions/

They did not fire Mr. Glantz per se, they terminated funding for the entire unit that he headed. For him to claim that it was due to political factors -- when they never replaced him or his group -- is not honest.

So you still have not provided evidence of any conspiracy to shut down adversarial discussion in the scientific literature, and certainly nothing at all related to the stolen emails, which provided the original basis of your accusation.

You also aver that you have studied climate science extensively. Have you read IPCC AR4 WG1? If so, is there anything in that document that you find false?

Donnie McBee Donnie McBee 5pts

@Chris Crawford @Donnie McBee @Bruce Lancaster

94-year-old Ken Hechler, the legendary West Virginia congressman and coal miner hero who has been battling mountaintop removal since 1971 was arrested in a non-violent protest with NASA’s celebrated climate scientist James Hansen, actress Daryl Hannah, Michael Brune, the executive director of Rainforest Action Network, and Goldman Prize winner Judy Bonds. Vietnam veteran Bo Webb, and dozens of other coalfield residents were arrested by crossing onto the property of leading mountaintop removal coal mining company, Massey Energy–purposely trespassing to protest the destruction of mountains immediately above the Coal River Valley community.

http://thinkprogress.org/climate/2009/06/23/204278/james-hansen-top-us-climate-scientists-arrested-protest-on-mountaintop-removal/

Donnie McBee Donnie McBee 5pts

@Chris Crawford @Donnie McBee @Bruce Lancaster

I have several emails from Mickey, plus several other scientist!  I used to be the biggest climate change person on earth!  Until climate gate, I read the emails, all the emails!  They lied, the conspired to keep any evidence denying climate change from being published, I emailed climate scientist, and even met Hanson at a MTR protest, "and watched him get arrested, which I found hilarious!   Even I know better to trespass on mine companies property!  I even watched them stuff Goldie Hawn into a police car!  LOL

I despise MTR!

Donnie McBee Donnie McBee 5pts

@Chris Crawford @Donnie McBee @Bruce Lancaster

complete email 

"thanks for noting my comment on how so called peer review is used. 

 the climate gate situation really goes well beyond the set of emails. i

 have met scientists from ipcc who are super arrogant. there needs to be turn

 over in the ipcc.

 finally, i am no longer at ncar. i was fired from there in august 2008, i

 suspect for reasons related to not towing the line on 'selling science' to

 the public. my goal was to share and explain the science, certainties and

 uncertainties.

 regards, mickey glantz

Chris Crawford Chris Crawford 5pts

@Donnie McBee @Chris Crawford @Bruce Lancaster So your evidence consists of a personal anecdote that is conveniently unverifiable? Sorry, I'm not THAT gullible! It's pretty clear that  you have zero real evidence to support your accusation, and that you're just making it all up.

Donnie McBee Donnie McBee 5pts like.author.displayName 1 Like

@Chris Crawford @Bruce Lancaster

Chris,  I see you are dedicated to your cause.

I have spoke with scientist at NCAR, also with scientist that went to Copenhagen in 2007

Here is a quote from a email with one of those scientist.

"the climate gate situation really goes well beyond the set of emails. i

have met scientists from ipcc who are super arrogant. there needs to be turn

over in the ipcc.

finally, i am no longer at ncar. i was fired from there in august 2008, i

suspect for reasons related to not towing the line on 'selling science' to

the public."

Here is another quote "thanks for noting my comment on how so called peer review is used." Notice the wording? "so-called peer review"    See what happens to climate scientist who do not tow the line on climate change?

Chris Crawford Chris Crawford 5pts

@Bruce Lancaster @Chris Crawford You're quite mistaken if you think that there's serious disagreement on the basics of climate change. For every denier scientist you can list, there are at least 30 who will contradict him. So you list one denier and one supporter and call it confusion. I'd say that you are the one confusing a clear matter.

And you are making a false accusation when you claim that "Leading climate scientists colluded to silence anyone who offered data that didn't fit their narrative a couple of years ago." I challenge you to present one case -- just one -- of a scientific paper that was refused publication because of such a conspiracy. You can't, of course, because it never happened. You're making it up.

Chris Crawford Chris Crawford 5pts like.author.displayName 1 Like

I think it important to differentiate between spontaneous violence and organized violence. The former consists of violent crimes and riots; the latter is war. It has long been known that there's a solid concomitance between temperature and these crimes: higher temperatures promote it, and lower temperatures inhibit it.

War, on the other hand, is often driven by resource issues, and here the picture is complicated. As others have pointed out, there will be winners and losers. Canada and Siberia will likely be winners; many countries in the Sahel and along the coast will be losers. When Country X can justify its aggression with the argument that it is merely leveling a playing field that was originally tilted by Country Y, you've got a high likelihood of war.

John Bailo John Bailo 5pts like.author.displayName 1 Like

Gee, Napoleon in Russia was pretty bloody.

And what about the record rainfall in New Mexico?  Isn't that a good thing?

John Bailo John Bailo 5pts like.author.displayName 1 Like

Gee, Napoleon in Russia was pretty bloody.

And what about the record rainfall in New Mexico?  Isn't that a good thing?

Janet Weeks V Janet Weeks V 5pts

Bite global warming: live vegan! http://www.greenyourdiet.org/

Jordan Henkel Jordan Henkel 5pts like.author.displayName like.author.displayName 2 Like

I did a report in college on studies that suggested the renaissance was caused by a 1 degree tempeture increase because it made conditions more favorable for agriculture and thus happier people in civilizations. It sounds like they are lacking a lot of quatitative data on this subject.

Daniel Stoner Daniel Stoner 5pts like.author.displayName 1 Like

Well, the answer is, of course! But not so much because "tempers flare" - that's a small component.  The LARGE component is what wars are always fought for - land / resources... WHEN the billions of acres of tundra / permafrost unfreezes across Siberia and Canada, allowing this land to be good ag (grazing & crop) land, and "living on" land, you bet your azz China is going to try to "annex" in one way or another Mongolia and parts of Russia, as but one example..and if hydrocarbons are found and much easier to access in those places without the permafrost, then it will be even worse.   Then you've also got the factors of the rainfall / precip winners and losers consequential to GW - the losers (drier areas) will need more water for ag irrigation and everything else, and will seek access to land with water on it, not to mention domestic unrest by farmers and others in new-drought areas.  But all of this massive conflict will pale in comparison to the chaos which is coming when oil, nat gas, and coal get REALLY scarce in about 75-100 years.  World War II times 10, I think.  Maybe if it happens all about the same time, we can just get the violence over with.  A couple billion will die, but after adjusting to the new climate and energy-low lifestyles, there is actually great potential for an unprecedented peace era, in my view.

Clayton Turner Clayton Turner 5pts like.author.displayName 1 Like

Of course We are all going to die and horrible death and we did it to ourselves by using fossil fuels and living fat celebrity lives.  We are the problem.  We should just all kill ourselves now and get it over with.

William Cody William Cody 5pts like.author.displayName 1 Like

Funny same thing was said of the "Little Ice Age": the Mongol invasion, 30 years War, Manchu invasion of China..., add famines and plagues and one could argue warmer is better .

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